Optimization of multiple battery swapping stations with mobile support for ancillary services

The recent developments in electric vehicles (EVs) causes several issues that have not been satisfactorily addressed. One of the foremost problems is charging–discharging processes EV batteries with diverse characteristics. Although a charging station first choice this regard, battery swap (BSS) also suitable alternative solution as it eliminates long waiting periods and degradation due to fast charging. BSS has capability ensure prompt efficient service for vehicles. Since large number systems, optimum planning operations critical both grid. This study presents an optimal schedule multiple BSSs based on demand privately owned EVs bus (EB) public transportation system. In addition, reinforce power grid by providing ancillary services such peak shaving valley filling response programs. order increase flexibility operation, mobile swapping (MSS) concept, innovative dynamic service, introduced literature added model. results indicate essential agent market MSS concept yielding networks. Last, data utilized calculation analysis are real-world from Berlin, Germany.